Grades IV and V joint mobilization are essentially pin and stretch technique.
Bone “A” is pinned and then Bone “B” is moved relative to Bone “A.”
Motions of the Joints of the Lumbar Spine
Motions of the lumbar spine: The lumbar spine can move axially and nonaxially in all three cardinal planes (sagittal, frontal, and transverse).
Motions of the Cervical Spine
Table 1 shows average healthy ranges of axial motion of the cervical spine (head and neck), from the atlanto-occipital joint through the C7-T1 joint.
